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|outcomes=The findings indicate that the system offers significant advantages, such as water efficiency, reduced pesticide use, and year-round cultivation, even under adverse environmental conditions. Financially, the system demonstrates an ROI of 76.64 % and a payback period of approximately 1.3 years, even when applied to a low-value crop like water spinach. However, high initial investment costs and the need for technical expertise remain significant barriers to broader adoption. This research concludes that open-field hydroponics represents a promising solution for climate-adaptive farming in the Mekong Delta, offering both economic and environmental sustainability. The results serve as a foundation for future developments, including the potential expansion of the system to high-value crops and the creation of accessible tools for farmers. | |outcomes=The findings indicate that the system offers significant advantages, such as water efficiency, reduced pesticide use, and year-round cultivation, even under adverse environmental conditions. Financially, the system demonstrates an ROI of 76.64 % and a payback period of approximately 1.3 years, even when applied to a low-value crop like water spinach. However, high initial investment costs and the need for technical expertise remain significant barriers to broader adoption. This research concludes that open-field hydroponics represents a promising solution for climate-adaptive farming in the Mekong Delta, offering both economic and environmental sustainability. The results serve as a foundation for future developments, including the potential expansion of the system to high-value crops and the creation of accessible tools for farmers. | ||
|file=Water Technology..pdf | |file=Water Technology..pdf | ||
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